• Screening test for the detection of antibodies against neuronal antigens.
• Indications: neurological diseases.
• Initial dilution 1 : 10; conjugate class anti-human IgG, FITC-labelled.
• Primate cerebellum and primate nerves are the standard substrates for the determination of various neuronal antibodies. The parallel use of primate intestine permits the reliable differentiation from other autoantibodies (e.g. ANA) and makes it possible to distinguish between anti-Ri and anti-Hu.
• Antibodies against grey matter react intensively with the stratum granulosum and in a weaker form with the stratum moleculare of the cerebellum. Target antigen: glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Clinical significance: stiff person syndrome, diabetes mellitus type I.
• Antibodies against Yo stain exclusively the cytoplasm of the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Clinical significance: paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS), indication of a malignoma.
• In the case of antibodies against Hu and Ri all neurone nuclei in the grey matter show a granular fluorescence. Hu antibodies react in the intestine with cell nuclei of the plexus myentericus, whereas Ri antibodies do not. Clinical significance: paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS), indication of a malignoma.
• The white matter of the cerebellum is stained by antibodies against myelin, which present as hyaline cylinders in tissue sections of peripheral nerves. A "droplike" ring-shaped fluorescence is observed in cross sections of nerves.
• The fluorescence of the Virchow-Robin space (cerebellum) and the pia is caused by autoantibodies developed in neuromyelitis optica (NMO-IgG).
• Antibodies against myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), on the other hand, show a streaky fluorescence pattern on nerve tissue and a mostly fine-granular ring-shaped fluorescence on cross sections of peripheral nerves. Clinical significance: paraproteinaemic neuropathy.
• The BIOCHIP Mosaic™ can be supplemented as required with further substrates, e.g. cerebrum (antibodies against astrocytes), primate liver (ANA), Crithidia luciliae (anti-dsDNA), primate stomach (parietal cell antibodies), Borrelia (neuroborreliosis-associated). Aquaporin-4(AQP4) transfected HEK cells allow a monospecific antibody determination in suspected cases of neuromyelitis optica (NMO).

• Differentiation of antibodies against neuronal antigens.
• Indication: paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes (PNS).
• Serum dilution 1 : 100; conjugate class anti-human IgG, AP-labelled.
• With the EUROLINE Neuronal Antigens Profile 2, six autoantibodies can be determined: antibodies against amphiphysin, CV2.1*, PNMA2 (Ma2/Ta), Ri, Yo and Hu.
• Test strips can be automatically incubated and evaluated using the systems EUROBlotMaster und EUROLineScan.

*) CV2 partial protein, which only contains the N-terminally localised epitopes of the antigen.

• Screening test for detection of antibodies against glutamate receptors (type NMDA, anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor) und neuropil.
• Indication: NMDAR encephalitis.
• Initial dilution 1 : 10; conjugate class anti-human IgG, FITC-labelled.
• Immunohistochemistry with tissue sections of rat hippocampus and rat cerebellum allows identification of antibodies against glutamate receptors (type NMDA) and other antibodies (e.g. VGKC and AMPA receptors). The parallel use of recombinant HEK293 cells enables sensitive and monospecific detection of anti-glutamate receptor (type NMDA) antibodies and their differentiation from other neuropil antibodies in a simple and efficient analysis.
• Antibodies against glutamate receptors (type NMDA) stain the neuropil of the molecular layer of the hippocampus as well as the granular layer of the cerebellum. They show a flat, smooth to fine-granular fluorescence in the cytoplasm of the transfected HEK293 cells. Clinical significance: Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.
• If the monospecific detection of antibodies against glutamate receptors of type NMDA is negative, neuropil fluorescence can indicate the presence of other antibodies associated with limbic encephalitis (e.g. anti-VGKC antibodies, anti-AMPA receptor antibodies).

• Determination of human autoantibodies against neuronal antigens.
• Indication: paraneoplastic neurologic symptoms (PNS).
• Serum dilution 1 : 51; conjugate class anti-human IgG, AP-labelled.
• EUROLINE-WB is a combination of westernblot and line blot techniques. Proteins of a primate cerebellum extract are electrophoretically separated according to molecular mass and transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane (westernblot). A membrane chip coated with highly purified recombinant Hu, recombinant Ri and recombinant Yo is subsequently applied to the westernblot strip.
• Test strips can be automatically incubated using the system EUROBlotMaster.

• Determination of autoantibodies against gangliosides for the serological diagnosis of peripheral neuropathies.
• Membrane strips printed with individual lines of purified, biochemically characterised antigens.
• Serum dilution 1 : 51; conjugate class anti-human IgG, alkaline phosphatase-labelled and anti-human IgM, alkaline phosphatase-labelled.
• The EUROLINE Ganglioside Profiles allow the determination of up to 7 autoantibodies: antibodies against GM1, GM2, GM3, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b and GQ1b.
• The test strips can be automatically incubated and evaluated using the EUROBlotMaster system and the EUROLineScan programme.
   

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